“Nikola Tesla”

Nikola Tesla adalah salah satu penemu yang paling penting dalam sejarah. Tesla menemukan lebih dari 120 temuan. Kebanyakan dari penemuan itu masih digunakan sampai hari ini dalam bentuk yang sama atau yang lain. Dia menemukan lampu pijar, mesin bertenaga matahari, robot, jam elektrik yang pertama, dan sebuah bagian mesin yang sangat penting yang digunakan di radio dan televisi. Penemuannya yang paling penting adalah listrik arus bolak-balik atau AC. System listrik ini digunakan disetiap rumah, pabrik, dan kantor dalam dunia moderen. Tapi kebanyakan orang bahkan tidak mengenal siapa Nikola itu.

Nikola Tesla lahir pada tahun 1856 di Smijan, Croasia. Nikola adalah seorang anak yang luar biasa. Dia mempunyai daya ingat yang sangat tajam, jadi dia dapat mengingat dengan sangat cepat keseluruhan halaman buku setelah ia melihatnya. Dia juga suka menulis puisi. Ketika dia berusia lima tahun, dia membangun sebuah kincir air dan dia mencoba untuk terbang dengan pesawat buatannya sendiri. Pada tahun yang sama, saudara laki-laki Nikola meninggal. Orang-orang bilang Nikola dengan sengaja mendorongnya dari tangga. Setelah itu, Nikola mulai bersikap aneh.

Sewaktu kecil, Nikola sering sakit dengan penyakit yang aneh bahkan dokter pun tidak dapat menyembuhkannya. Dia juga melihat kilatan cahaya ketika dia sedang senang atau ketika dia sedang berpikir keras tentang sesuatu. Ketika Nikola mulai melakukan sesuatu, dia tidak dapat berhetni. Ketika dia berusia delapan tahun, dia sangat terobsesi membaca buku dan sering membaca setiap malam tanpa tidur. Kmudian, ketika dia belajar di Universitas Prague dia belajar dari jam 3 dini hari sampai jam 11 setiap malamnya. Selama hidupnya, Tesla hanya tidur selama 2 jam setiap malamnya.

Ketika Tesla masih belajar di Universitas Prague, dia memikirkan ide untuk menggunakan arus AC (bolak-alik) dalam sebuah mesin. Dia membalikkan arus langsung (DC) yang berasal dari baterai. Arus alternative adalah sebuah tipe listrik yang lebih baik dan lebih kuat . professornya bilang bahwa hal tersebut tidak akan berhasil, tapi Tesla tetap mengerjakannya. Ketika ayah Tesla meninggal, dia harus keluar dari sekolahnya untuk mencari pekerjaaan. Tesla bekerja untuk perusahaan telepon di Budapest. Tapi dia tetap tidak dapat berhenti berpikir terhadap idenya. Seperti segala apapun yang telah ia lakukan, dia tidak dapat berhenti sampai ia berhasil menyelesaikan masalahnya.

Suatu hari, Nikola Tesla memiliki pandangan terhadap keseluruhan tipe baru dari system energi listrik. Tesla bekerja sebagai ahli mesin untuk perusahaan Continental Edison. Sementara ia bekerja disana, dia membangun contoh mesinnya yang pertama. Tapi orang-orang diperusahaannya tidak tertarik pada penemuannya. Tesla memutuskan untuk pergi ke Amerika untuk bertemu dengan penemu hebat Thomas Edison. Dia tiba hanya dengan 14 cent dikantongnya!

Tapi Edison tak pernah menyukai idenya sekalipun. Dari keseluruhan itu, Edison adalah penemu dari system listrik DC. Edison memberikan Tesla sebuah pekerjaan, pada akhirnya. Dia memberikan Tesla sebuah rancangan yang Edison pun merasa sangat tidak mungkin. Tesla harus mengerjakan ulang setiap energi pada generator di Kota New York. Tesla mulai bekerja pada jam 10.30 pagi dan berakhir pada jam 5 pada pagi selanjutnya. Dia mengerjakannya 7 hari seminggu. Kadang-kadang dia bekerja selama 2 atau 3 hari tanpa istirahat. Ketika Tesla selesai, Edison menolak membayar $50.000 seperti yang telah Edison janjikan. Setelah itu Edison dan Tesla menjadi musuh.

Nikola Tesla membuat perusahaan lampu listrik Tesla dan menerima 40 paten untuk peralatan arus AC. Paten adalah surat resmi yang memberikan seseorang hak untuk menjadi satu-satunya yang membuat sebuah penemuan baru. Kemudian dia menjual patennya ke kepala perusahaan listrik Westinghouse, George Westinghouse.

Hypertext by L. Hardman Summarizing

The modernization of technology is one of the reasons why hypertext becomes so popular at this time. People need to access the information in a faster and easier way. Hypertext provides us a lot of reference choices, so that it will be easy to access much information from different sources. Paper document will be replaced by the hypertext because it is considered as the best way to get much information in an access. The problem is even though many people used hypertext for their information necessity it still needs for granted.

Hypertext is kind of nodes that contain of text, which is connected by links. These links took the reader into every text that they want, so the reader will not only focus on one source but all of sources. There are three people who thought about and tried to create the device that can allow their hypertext ideas. Vannevar Bush is the first one who appeared the concept about hypertext in his article ‘As we may think’ in 1945. He creates a device called the ‘Memex’ it tied the text or the information together.

The second is in the early 1960’s Douglas Englebart also had the same idea, so he creates a system called NLS (oN-Line system) that later renamed to be Augment. The device has various hypertexts that allow information to be crossed-reference. At the same period, finally the hypertext term was coined y Ted Nelson. He wants the document is available for everyone and they not only can connect it by using the link but also can use it and make their own self link, so he creates a device system called Xanadu.


Hypertext is not only considered as a text, but also it can be in other media such as video, sound, graphic and animation and it is called hypermedia. There are six features that characterize hypertext systems; Guid, HyperCard, hyperties, intermedia, KMS and NoteCards. These are the commercial systems and have each feature. The first is Frame versus Document, here three of the devices are included as a frame window; HyperCard, hyperties and KMS because those devices has fixed size and number while Guide, Intermedia and NoteCards called Documents that has different size on the screen and the contents of the window which can be scrolled.

The second is Link Source and Destination; in this case, the link has a connection to the destination that the links in HyperCard, hyperties and KMS have as their destination the whole frame, while the links’ destination in Guide and Intermedia are words or phrases. The third is Link markers, it is used as a sign for the readers to know where the links on the screen. Intermedia and KMS have a special symbol of the link, Guide and hyperties have different text style or highlight text to differentiate the links, while NoteCards draw a special box of the links. The last is Miscellaneous Features; some links had different style in informing the reader about the text such as hyperties document let the reader read short information about the text first to give a description about the text and then intermedia linked item into some multiple destinations that had some choice of the different text, and other such as intermedia and NoteCard displayed the information about the text graphically.

Why hypertext becomes so familiar in this period because it is considered can fulfill people’s necessity about the information by using hypertext. The reader can explore and enrich whatever text that they need. When a student looks for the information in the internet, then he entered a specific key word into Goggle search so the result is the Google will give a lot of connected text so that the student will get a lot of sources for his information. For the future hypertext as a structured text that has a lot of connection sources will replace the paper that is thought as a linear document that read only in a source without any other reference. Even though hypertext still need for granted I am absolutely sure it will be granted soon.

Thinking outside the box: Edward de Bono’s Lateral Thinking Summarizing

Based on de Bono’s hypothesis that Human Brain is an information –processor, it means every information that comes into the brain will be automatically processed. The established cognitive pattern of human brain that have a sequent pattern will be disrupted by the lateral thinking so as the result the habitual way thought will create new opinion. The process of insight itself is a process to produce expected outcome while the lateral thinking purpose is to build a new picture about the way thinking as habitual from expected to be an unexpected result.
According to de Bono’s opinion, I catch that there are two creativity, the first is a creativity that belongs to the people itself that exist as the way it is (crazy creativity) and the second is the creativity that exist because of the learning process (serious creativity). Crazy creativity is kind of gift talent and serious creativity is a process that allows people to be relax, comfortable, and they can remove the inhibition, by learning process. Lateral thinking comes up as a proof to against the assumption that “some people was born creative while other are not”, because everyone can be creative, as if they want to change their sequent thought pattern into creative thinking.
The dilemma of our whole thinking culture is the assumption that said every valuable creative idea always be logical in hindsight, so the creative idea that is not logical in hindsight cannot be accept has a valuable. I think creativity cannot be measure into logical or not because creativity is free and not limited. The most important think is we dare to escape from the ordinary, be different and thought as free as we can.
Brain has a connection to the creativity because as I have explained about de Bono’s hypothesis about human brain it as the main information-processor. If the main information has sequent cognitive pattern it will not be creative because the way it thinking is monotone. It will be different if the brain has a lateral thinking because the disruption creates a new point of view.

Bekasi’s Sport Stadium Vs Unwell-provided facilities

Just now, in Bekasi people realize that being healthy is one of the most important things in this life. While they want to keep it but there are no facilities to support their enthusiast. People need a sport arena that is supported many good and clean facilities. In this case, those are facilities are good in condition of the building and clean from baggage. Even though the government provided us a stadium for sport arena but the problem is the government does not provide good and clean facilities.
As you can see when you come to the sport stadium. How the building of the stadium is looks like? The untreated old building with the faded paint gives a dreadful impression to the people. It makes people think whether the government care about the condition or not. When I interviewed some of the people there, they gave many complains to the government. For instance, Rio, he plays basketball as his hobby and has used the basketball hall for three years. He complains about the bad facilities there, especially the basketball hall. For three years, it has been damage, dirty and untreated while there is no reaction from the government to renovate it. He hopes the government will give a better improvement to the sport stadium facilities.
The unsightly building is the first reason people blame the government for this lack, because to go sporting, they need comfortable facilities. It means a clean place and a good condition of the building. They do not need a luxury sport stadium, so the government should not renovate it to be like that. They just need it clean from baggage and repaint the building, so that the building will not give a dreadful impression anymore to them. Just imagine when they sport on the middle of the dirty, bad smell and unattractive building it will not bring calm-minded and the pleasure to sport but uncomfortable feeling. Even though staying healthy is a necessity, but it also needs a healthy sport stadium to.
Another complains is about the basic facility, which is no clean toilet. Every building has been bad in condition, smell and damage toilet. When I interviewed some visitors, they said the same things. The first one is Uka, he came to the sport stadium enjoying the fresh air and walking around the stadium. He said that “he appreciates to the government because of the stadium existence. The sport stadium becomes a lung of Bekasi’s city but unfortunately the government misses the important thing that is no clean toilet in every facility, he hopes the stadium will be better for the future.” It was same to the others' visitors that were the students from the senior high school. They said that “it is too difficult for them to find a clean toilet there, and they also hope the government will care about this problem.” See that, from those complains there is only one impression that I catch from the government, they do not care about it because no reaction to solve it faster and to show us that the government really serious in solving it.
It may be a simple thing but in fact, it has a big role. For example, when some visitor comes to sport that caused them sweated such as plays basketball, volleyball or football they absolutely need to go to the toilet even though for washing their face from it. On the other hand, if suddenly they need to pee or defecate, where they should go? If every building has damage and no clean toilet, should they go to the people’s house around of the stadium to find it? See what I mean? It is really needed for the visitors’ comfortable. Well, the toilet becomes so dirty and untreated because there is no cleaner, is not it? So, to solve this problem the sport stadium just needed a cleaner and the government should provide it.
Okay, maybe the focus of the government is not about the well providing facilities but the number of the visitors. The government tries to interest visitors not only to sport but also as a recreation place for family. In weekends, the visitors who come to the stadium are not only having sport but also recreation, shopping and refreshing with their family. As you can see, in weekends the stadium is changed to be a temporary market. This market always opens from the early morning. It provided every kind of trader; the visitors can find kinds of souvenir there, then kinds of delicious food and many cheaper clothes. The visitors who ride a motorcycle are only paying Rp.1000, 00 for a ticket, while the others who do not ride a motorcycle are free. This strategy is successful. Many visitors come to the stadium, although for doing sport or not.

Well, I admit that the strategy is very successful. Focusing on the number of the visitors is not a bad idea, because it can be a measure to know the visitor’s interesting to come to the stadium, whether they come to do sport or not. But, I think it must be supported by considering the visitor’s comfortable. In this case, the government should provide the facilities itself. Even though the visitors are not complaining directly to the government, but I am absolutely sure that actually they really need better facilities in the stadium. In fact, the problem is not the number of the visitors because as I have said before in the beginning, being healthy is important. The people will do the sport to keep their healthy while the government had provided a stadium as a place to do that. So, with or without the strategy to interest the visitors to come to the stadium they will be always come to the stadium, because they need a place. So that, by considering this point, the government should be able provide the best facilities to the visitors to give more attention about the well provided facilities. So, both of side; the government and the visitors are mutually beneficial.

Actually, the facilities do not have to be renovated for overall. If the consideration is the cost for renovating will be expensive. The most things that the government should do are to give more attention in managing the stadium. It means that the stadium should be watched and considered what a necessary for the visitors. I think the first and the second problem that appears to be the basic and important problem. It must be solved faster to show that the government is serious in solving it. If we consider on both problems, actually the government only provides the budget for buying the tint to paint the building that looks untreated, old with faded paint and for bad condition, smell and damage toilet the government should provide budget to pay some cleaner and repair the condition itself. Actually, the problem will be solved easier and cheaper if the consideration of the government is really to provide well facilities for the visitors. The most last important thing is it should be balanced by the government commitment managing and watching the facilities’ order that for the next time the facilities’ problem will never exist anymore.

Gender and Language Summarizing K. M. McCormick

Based on McCormick explanation about Gender and Language the differences of language usage between male and female is not caused by the biological sex, because there is no relationship between sexes and language usages. It relates to something is called gender. Gender is a social and psychology category about male and female, how the way they should speak, speech, and behaves. It can be seeing from the historical perspective view about the relationship between language and gender that tends to judge where right and wrong is and other to describe both point of views and can be found from text written and the behavior in a sociality’s group. Then there are three points of view about research in Anthropology, sociology, psychology, sociolinguistic and discourse analysis in twentieth century, the first the contemporary societies give verbal expression about men and women perception in language attitudes, secondly describe the way the speaker based on the sex, and the last cause and effect they were described. In the late twentieth the work in language is the broader framework where there is a societal power that manages the speaking right whose granting and withholding to speak because there is a theory about voice whose heard will be representative and considered truthful while voice whose unheard will lose the speaking right because of their silence. It is supported in all societies, there is some individual or group have greater speaking right than other and a man is considered as the powerful in speaking right than women.
In this article McCormick gave some detail about gender distinction in using language. Economic, social activity and education are the influence of the distribution of role, ascription and achievement of status in all societies’ gender. In Rochefort’s study, he describes about arawak women who taught her daughter by her language, while her son prefers to use his father’s language. It showed different education in language even interfamily. Then in Bilingualism, Societal there is the differences in economic opportunity between men and women where if the women sell their wares the women should learn a language of wider use than are the men. In the seventeenth-century apart of Mongolia and South Africa there is a forbidden for women it’s called Taboo that is the women may not use or mention their husband names or the relative of their husband if it saw from social activity. According to Nichols 1983 in the earlier years women illiterate while men were not, if it saw in education. In other research, Labov and Trudgill has similar study about class stratification that is women language tends very refined than men, it showed the women status is high. Then for men, in Britain the pronunciation is associated with competence and intelligence qualities. The working class is considered have high value such as in humor and sincerity, and has masculine and toughness.

Mathilde as a Typically Selfish Character (The Necklace)

Have you ever thought that your life is not the life which you want? When your life is not going to be your dreamy life, human always tend to blame their life. Then their dreamy life makes them selfish. The Necklace is a short story that shows me both of those characters, the first is blame the ordinary undreamed life and the second is to be selfish because of the dreamy life.
The Necklace tells about a typically a poor life of a human that has a dream to be rich, in this case the character it self, “Mathilde” she thinks that her poor life was not made for her but she does not have any choice to change her poor life. It is suffered her and make her selfish.
Sometimes, we as a human never realize that what we have is a gift from god. We are never grateful and positive thinking about everything happens in our life. It is showed by the third paragraph “”when she sat for dinner at the round table covered with a three-days-old cloth, opposite her husband… She imagined, delicate meals, gleaming silver, tapestries peopling the walls with folk of a past age strange birds in faery forest; she imagined delicate food served in marvelous dishes, murmured gallantries, listened to with an inscrutable smile as one trifled with the rosy flesh of trout or wings of asparagus chicken.”” So wonderful what did she imagine, even though she is facing Scotch broth? Actually she wants another food that more delicious and expensive and she would not her food. Meanwhile if she considers to other people that poorer than her, maybe they are being hunger because of no food to eat.
Mathilde’s life makes her selfish; it is showed when her husband gives her an invitation to go to the party of her husband ministry. She refuses it because she does not have any beautiful dress as she said on the eight paragraphs, “”And what do you suppose I am to wear at such an affair?””, see what I mean? In this case Mathilde just thinks about herself, her appearance will be like what if she does not wear any appropriate dress, she will not looks bad and poor at the party, then on the others paragraph exactly on the fifteenth paragraphs, it shows her selfish again, “”I’m utterly miserable at not having any jewels not a single stone to wear” she replied.” I shall look absolutely no one. I would almost rather not to go to the party.”” Once again, she just thinks about herself is not she? She does not thinks about her husband feeling if she cancels to go to the party, meanwhile her husband has spent his saving money to buy gun but he realizes it to buy her wife’s dress.
On the others paragraph that shows her truly selfish is on the twenty seventh paragraphs, that is when the necklace lost, she does not do anything. While her husband is trying to find it by “went to the police station, to the newspapers, to offer a reward, to the cab companies, everywhere that a ray of hope impelled him. She waited all day long, in the same state of bewilderment at this fearful catastrophe.”” She had lost the necklace but her husband should fight to find it. But her blaming finally self-addressed it seems at the end of the story on the fortieth paragraph when everything has changed and her life becomes so miserable she said that “”what would have happened if she had never lost those jewels. Who knows? Who knows? How strange life is, how fickle! How little is needed to ruin or to save!” even though she blame herself, but she just blame why she lost the necklace is not her mistake want something that makes her life so misarble.
If she never thought to be rich and be grateful to this life, maybe she will not be so miserable than she have now. She will never be so selfish in wanting something that she cannot control it. If she just be grateful and be positive thinking, maybe her life would not be miserable.

Bekasi’s Stadium Facilities

Nowadays, the societies’ zest about how important staying health is getting increase. It is caused by modernization that keep on developing in many cities which brings some bad effects in health, for instance in Bekasi. Many fast-foods like Burger, pizza, and many more that are provided as the second choice food that actually it is not good for health, moreover it can cause obesity. So, to balance that life style they need to do some sport. The societies not only need to know about how important staying health but also need a place that can support them doing activities which connect to sport, such as jogging, volley ball, fitness and many more. Now I am going to talk about Bekasi’s sport area and the facilities it self. In Bekasi, the government provides a place for sport area. It is called Bekasi’s Stadium. It is placed in Jend A Yani Street that becomes a center of sport that can be visited easily because it takes a place in a strategic area, which is in the center of Bekasi city. It is not only as a sport area but also as a lung city because it has a lot of green trees that makes that area fresher. Bekasi’s Stadium has some facilities, for example; swimming pool, fitness, badminton, football, basketball, roller skaters, karate’s area and many more. All of those are the facilities that support sport activities but since it was opened for public, societies’ enthusiast to come in Bekasi is going well. The functions it self becomes as a sport and recreation area. In working day, every afternoon the societies come for walking, looking around, and enjoying the calm wind and situation with their family there. While some PE (Physical Education) teachers are training their students in some subject, such as sprint, roller skaters, volley ball and many more. In another day, right on weekend Bekasi’s Stadium becomes a recreation place for family that wants to do some sport and recreation during the whole time. It is seemed with many visitors that come and the trader that is fulfilled the area, but the high enthusiast from public for doing sport and recreation in there does not support by appropriate facilities. The Bekasi’s Stadium that was built in 1980 now looks untreated well, some of the building looks old and impressed sinister place, even some of the visitors difficult to find out a clean toilet. I think Bekasi’s Stadium should be renovated, rearranged and provided appropriate facilities as a sport and recreation area, so that both of the functions can be optimized and applied and makes the visitors feel comfortable.

Based on my observation, in working day that is from Monday until Friday Bekasi’s Stadium will be visited by the visitors in the afternoon, some place doesn’t optimize well. First, the PE (Physical Education) teachers that is training his students prefer to train in a garden in front of Bekasi’s building than in a football field that takes place in front of it but I think it larger than the garden, so they should not wrecked the garden. When I asked the teacher he said that, “football field too larger for them and there is no forbidden not to train in this garden”. Secondly, much motorcycle park in everywhere and there is no certain security that disciplined those motorcycles. I think security is needed to discipline that area to make it is more safety and watched from people that can damage the facilities building and fence for example; drawing on the wall of the building. It is different with the area beside roller skaters field. It is used sometimes as a football mini for elementary school and volleyball. It is better than others because it can be used for multiple purposes. But I think it should be decided what kind of sport it is, so it will not interfere another sport when it is used at the same time. Thirdly, there is a place that quieter than others because in that place less of peddler. The peddler should stay in certain sport area in the same count to reduce some parts of Bekasi’s Stadium that quieter and some parts that more crowded. On the other hand in weekend the football area is used as a parking area, should I call it as a multiple purposes area to? I do not think so, I think than it is only used as a parking area in weekend and in working day is seldom used why it do not renovate for the parking area. So everyone will not park their motorcycle in everywhere in working day, it is more optimize is not? then for family facilities, to add their interesting comes in Bekasi’s Stadium it should be added by an outbound activity in weekend for recreation, while for the trader that is fulfilled in the bank of the way should be given special place for them and will not interfere visitors that pass the way by riding bicycle even walking.

In another time, when I had interviewed some visitors that consist of some man, senior high school student and man or woman that use basket ball room they were complained about untreated well of the building in there. Some said that they can’t find out a clean toilet and wish it will be repaired for their comfortable and wish to the government to give extra attention for better facilities. Just imagine, when everyone needs to go to toilet but the toilets smell bad, damage, and unclean it will be disappointed. Where are they should find out the alternative toilet? So, to repair it each building should have some clean toilet. Then for the sport room they said that the room is what it looks like, it had been from a long time like that and no changing. So that’s why it needs to be renovated, rearranged and to bring good retribution for athletes, because they also need good facilities to support them in reaching achievements.

The concerns to repair Bekasi’s Stadium facilities should be focus and continuity because it will useless if it renovate and rearrange but after that untreated anymore, it just spend a lot of time and money without benefit from the renovation and rearrange. Focus it means the government should repair all of the building without missing one building or one facility. Then for continuity, it is not only once renovate and rearrange then there is no concern that is to continue increasing the usage of the facilities. The government it self should mobilized extra personnel in maintaining the stadium so that the employee that work there especially in weekend to control the situation that so crowded. Whereas for providing new and having fun building to increase the societies interest in recreation function should be surely maintaining, because if it is weak in maintaining Bekasi’s Stadium will lose in usage again. So that renovated, rearranged and provided appropriate facilities as a sport and recreation area will concrete the functions can be optimized and applied and makes the visitors feel comfortable but if it is without well maintaining, will give effects to the comfortable societies that use Bekasi’s Stadium as a sport and recreation area.